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it's a very extraordinary day for us

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here at winter school not only will our

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students have the opportunity

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to ask questions of the astronauts

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at the international space station

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but we will also have the opportunity to

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connect with a former winter high school

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graduate

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jeff williams who is the son of eunice

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and jake williams who are here with us

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today

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is an astronaut with nasa and he

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graduated from winter high school in

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1976

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so we're very excited to have him share

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a little bit of his career which started

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with his education right here in winter

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school

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so our students are ready for their

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questions we're ready to begin i would

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like to invite mr zap up he is going to

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introduce the students as they prepare

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thank you dr boilo

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and in the interest of time we're going

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to get right to the questions can i

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bring our first ask her up she is a

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this question is for jeff

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how is carbon dioxide removed from the

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liz that's a great question because you

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know we live in an enclosed environment

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here and every time we exhale we exhale

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carbon dioxide so we have to remove it

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in order to maintain a healthy

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atmosphere we have two uh machines you

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could say or two things on board that

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scrub the air and they run the air

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basically through it one in the russian

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segment and one in the u.s segment

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and there's a chemical

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absorbent bed inside that machine that

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takes out the co2 as the air

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flows through it and that's how we

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thank you jeff

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our next asker is an 8th grade student

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this question is for suici

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hello brianna uh that's a great question

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uh sure i'd like to go to mars and the

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moon may be a fun place but the the

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planet i want to go to right now is the

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earth actually i'm looking at the earth

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every day it's just a beautiful place

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and you guys are lucky to be there

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actually

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i'm i will be here for six months i'll

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be now uh wanting to go back to

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thank you so we t our next question is

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from an 11th grader at lco ojibwa school

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this question is for jeff

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could you please explain what handheld

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well it's a very technical term it

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sounds technical but it's actually very

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simple if you were to for example be at

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a race track watching a race car go by

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and trying to take a picture of it you

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would track the race car with your

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camera so that it didn't end up being

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blurred on the uh on the image now the

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background might be blurred because

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you're you're panning across the the

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background

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but you'd get a clear picture of the of

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the race car we do the same thing

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because we're going 17 500 miles around

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the earth we're 220 miles above the

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earth's surface

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but the surface of the earth is moving

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fairly rapidly by the window so if we're

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using a camera like this and this is one

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we typically use it's got an 800

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millimeter lens all we do is look

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through the viewfinder uh track the

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object on the earth that we want to take

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pictures of and simply move the camera

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and that's uh what that it sounds like a

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very complicated term but but it's

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thank you jeff

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our next question to ask her is a senior

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this question is for jeff

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the handheld camera must take pictures

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through four panes of material why isn't

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there a camera outside the cabin that is

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remote controlled so there would be even

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well actually we do have video cameras

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outside we use those for robotic

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operations for following

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space walks for approaching

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vehicles like the space shuttle or the

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soyuz or progress cargo ship

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but you're right we don't as a rule have

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a still camera out there we take all of

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the still photography through the

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windows the windows are thick and as you

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said there are multiple panes but

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they're very high quality glass so even

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with the lens this big we don't get a

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whole lot of distortion in the imagery

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and i'm sure you've seen some of the

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imagery taken by astronauts from the

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space station and it's actually very

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clear and you can actually pick out the

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streets in in winter there and the

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school building that you're sitting in

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and the pictures that we take with this

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thanks jeff

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our next question is going to be asked

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by an 8th grade student here at winter

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this question is for tj has any space

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that's a not only an important question

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but also a bit of a tough question for

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us

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to the best of my awareness nothing

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huge nothing sizable has ever hit the

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station we do see some indications on

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our windows of tiny little pock marks so

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maybe some of the micro meteorite little

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visitors have come by and glanced off of

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us but since i mentioned that let me

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share two other thoughts

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we do have a little bit of shielding on

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our space station so that

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the micrometeorites if they hit us

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basically vaporize and don't do any

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damage and the second thing i'll tell

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you is if something sizeable is coming

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towards us

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we have radar systems around the world

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that track these these larger objects

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and if it gets looks like it's gonna be

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getting close enough to us

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we actually go into a a procedure a a

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a an action where we all go sit in our

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lifeboats and ready to immediately

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depart should something bad happen to

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the space station so we have ways of

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thanks tj our next question will be

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asked by a senior here at winter mr ryan

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this question is for suici

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how do you find the mass of an object at

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hey ryan that's a great questions uh

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it's a great question i like to do a

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small demonstration we have a winter

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high school graduate here we volunteered

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to help me

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here we have a water bag weighs about 90

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pounds on the ground of course here it's

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zero gravity it's like a feather but

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using the two uh springs and you can

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measure

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just like this

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measure the timing between this uh up

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position and down position with the

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known spring conditions we can get the

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mass by equation so uh this is the way

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thank you

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our next question will be asked by a 9th

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grade student here at winter mr devin

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this question is for tj have you ever

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had any technical difficulties on the

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thanks devin um yeah from time to time

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we do but the nice thing is our systems

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have redundancies

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for instance just the other day

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one of our two

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communication channels had a bit of a

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problem and we could hear the ground

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talking to us but the ground couldn't

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hear us

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so we swapped over to the second com

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channel while the ground worked on

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troubleshooting the the problem sure

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occasionally we have we have problems

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but we're not single string

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and such that one failure will take us

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out completely

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we use that redundancy to help us and

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get around the problem until we can fix

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thank you tj

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our next question will be asked by an

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11th grade student here at winter miss

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this question is for jeff

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is any research being done on long term

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space travel and the dangers of high

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well there's a lot of work that we

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do up here that

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will prepare us for

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leaving earth orbit for going back to

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the moon onto mars and whatnot one of

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the things as you point out that we're

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concerned about is a radiation

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protection we pretty much know about the

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what radiation can do and the damage

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that it can cause

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and we continually monitor the radiation

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environment here and there are

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scientists on the ground that predict

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higher levels of radiation for example

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from sun spots or whatnot and on

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occasion we will go to a portion of the

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space station that has more protection

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than other parts of the space station

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to protect us from that higher dose of

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radiation uh but again the uh the the

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big thing is protecting uh crews

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especially when we leave earth orbit and

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go to places like mars uh we're gonna

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have to uh have more protection there so

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yeah there is a lot of work going on

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on a broad spectrum of

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categories we are working to prepare

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for future space exploration onboard the

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international space station space

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station and that's just one topic that

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thank you jeff our next question will be

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asked by a senior here at winter miss

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this question is for jeff is time

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different on earth relative to the space

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well there's a couple ways to answer

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that if you were to uh to compare the

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time going on the on the clock you know

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watching the second hand go the seconds

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would pass at the same speed here as

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down there

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but subjectively we feel the passing of

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time differently up here you see the

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sunrise in the morning unless it's a

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cloudy day but you still see it get

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light and you see it get uh dark in the

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evening so

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there are a lot of cues on the earth

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when you're on the earth uh that tell

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you the passing of a day and we live our

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lives with that sense of time largely up

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here we don't have that as you know we

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go around the earth

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in 90 minutes 16 times a day so we can

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see lots of sunrises and sunsets

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so really we live on time according to

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our watch

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and the planners on the ground build a

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schedule for us we typically wake up at

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six o'clock in the morning and go to bed

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about 10 o'clock at night and the time

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zone that we use is greenwich mean time

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which of course is in

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england

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and

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occasionally will shift one way or

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another depending upon say a shuttle

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docking or a soyuz docking or a

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spacewalk or something like that but

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generally we live in the time for uh

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that is in england there's a couple

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reasons other reasons for that we work

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with the moscow mission control center

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as well as the houston mission control

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center and other mission control centers

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in japan and europe

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and that works out to be a convenient

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time for all of those locations around

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thank you sir

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our next question will be asked by an

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eighth grade student here miss veronica

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this question is for tj how long will

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that's a good question we keep asking

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that some people don't want me to come

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back they're happy that i'm gone

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um

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hey you know the the

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that's under debate i mean for me to

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give you a legal answer i i can't give

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you a number of days but it the maximum

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is somewhere between the uh

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i don't know just a little bit over a

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year and a half but before i

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answer that i should also tell you that

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the gentleman who's got the longest

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history or longest record of being in

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space was actually a russian that stayed

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over a year and and people are still

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gathering data on on how his bodies

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recover has been recovering over the

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over the years that he's since he's

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returned so to answer your question

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specifically about nasa it's a little

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bit over over a half a year and we're

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kind of targeting somewhere between 140

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missions thank you tj our next question

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will be asked by an 11th grade student

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this question is for suichi

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how would you escape the state space

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hey matthew uh yes uh like a big cruise

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ship we have a escape

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boat like a small tugboat attached to

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the space station right now we have five

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on board and we have a two escape

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vehicle each seat each vehicle has three

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seats so we don't have to fight for the

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seat actually and just in case i like

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emergency each of us has a designated

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seat in this escape vehicle and returned

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thank you suici

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our next question will be asked by an

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8th grade student here mr matthew

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this question is for jeff

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a good question matthew we actually have

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had several experiments uh involving

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plants to understand

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how they grow

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they grow actually pretty well they grow

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toward a light source so if you can have

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them upside down toward a light source

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and they'll grow upside down or sideways

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or or up toward the light source but i

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have an example

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right here of a plant experiment that we

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had as you know

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there are a lot of trees there around

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winter

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and in the north woods of wisconsin

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and trees generally grow up and

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when branches when there are big

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branches out hanging off the side of the

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tree they actually found that the wood

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is different on top of the branch than

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below the branch so we have a small

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willow tree here that we coiled up and

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let grow for a few weeks and then we we

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took samples and preserved the wood

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to see if we have the same effect

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because of a stress of bending on the

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wood so that's just one example at the

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other end of the space station in the

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russian segment we're growing wheat

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right now

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for

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many obvious reasons

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one is we would want to produce food if

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it became practical in the future for

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long duration space flight away from

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thank you jeff

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our next question will be asked by an

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11th grade student here at winter miss

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this question is for tj there is a

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research project called swab do you have

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the ability to study microscopic

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organisms in space or must all the

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thanks for that that wonderful question

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since we're in an enclosed vehicle

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there's a good chance that we can

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uh start getting microbes growing and we

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do in fact

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um

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the answer is best answered in two parts

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oftentimes and periodically we will take

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samples um of our environment around

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here and see what we can grow

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and then we report down to the ground

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how many colonies we have that that are

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growing together and what kind of

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colonies that they look like they are

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that's generally a gross estimate of how

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wonderful and how rich the microbes are

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on station which we don't always want

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the second part of the question the

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second part of the answer is there are

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samples that are specifically trying to

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target

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what is actually growing and after we

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take the samples and and we stop the

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growing process we can send those down

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for further study

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so we got we got both both halves of

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thank you tj

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oh

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i believe that was our last question

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jeff so i'm going to turn the microphone

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thank you everybody

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to all the students for our wonderful

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questions

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and jeff suici and tj thank you for the

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insightful answers what an educational

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we would like to wish jeff a happy

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birthday his birthday is january 19th so

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thank you

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so well wishes go out to you again thank

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you everybody for this wonderful

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thank you very much it was great to have

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you on board the international space

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station today and greetings to all my

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station this is houston acr that

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concludes the event

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thank you to all participants at winter